" The most important contributions of Dark Age, Feudalism, and Renaissance in the Development of Physical Education "
The Physical Education during Dark Age
Physical Education is "education through the physical". It aims to develop students’ physical competence and knowledge of movement and safety, and their ability to use these to perform in a wide range of activities associated with the development of an active and healthy lifestyle. It also develops students’ confidence and generic skills, especially those of collaboration, communication, creativity, critical thinking and aesthetic appreciation. These, together with the nurturing of positive values and attitudes in PE, provide a good foundation for students’ lifelong and life-wide learning.
This period “Dark Age” is referred in history of the fall of the Roman empire in
A.D. 476. It was known to be dark age because of the war, destructions, and death brought by such fights. The strong Teutonic barbarians overruled the lands that experienced glory and grandeur. The invasion brough about the lowest ebb in literature and in learning.
Some philosophical aspects started to go down which creates a poor living to many. However, this kind of ruling taught us that Teutonic barbarians lived a life of physical
activity were strong and healthy, gave them the chance to defeat Romans who were physically and morally weakened because of their way of life.
Dark Ages in history was the period following the fall of the Roman empire in A.D. 476. The most important contribution of "Dark Ages" in the development of Physical Education is their physical strength and courage as an army. They were Teutonic barbarians where in tribe people where lived a life characterized by much physical activity were strong and healthy. During the Teutonic invasion they have two major part movements development during Dark ages.
Movements during Dark Age
ASCETISM a lifestyle characterized by
abstinence from worldly pleasures, often pursuing spiritual goals. Many religious traditions, such as Hinduism,
Buddhism,Jainism, and some Christian groups (for example, the Desert Fathers) include practices that involve restraint with respect to actions of body, speech, and mind. The founders and earliest practitioners of these religions lived extremely austere lifestyles, refraining from sensual pleasures and the
accumulation of material wealth. They practiced asceticism not as a rejection of the enjoyment of life, or because the practices themselves are virtuous, but as an aid in the pursuit of physical and metaphysical health. They eschewed worldly pleasures and led an abstemious lifestyle.
SCHOLASTICISM it has a belief that the most essential items in one’s education are facts: that the key to a successful life is the development of the mental or intellectual powers. This belief which was held by the scholars at the time passed down from generation to generation so that scholasticism as a movement presented a challenge to physical
education. An effect of this de-emphasis on physical activity was that the institutions associated with early Christianity would not allow physical education to be one of the important subjects in their curriculum.Basically, these movements affected tremendously physical education.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION DURING THE FEUDALISM
The Feudalism Period appeared because people needed protection and since strong monarch and government that could supply this protection were rare, the people turned to nobleman and others who built castle has large and holdings and made themselves strong. Therefore, the most important contribution in feudalism in physical education is played a major part in physical training for knighthood. During this period being a knight in their place is the biggest and most important contribution. They had to trained to be strong and brave. He was continually required to engage in vigorous sport and exercise such as: hunting scaling, walls, shooting with now and arrow, running, climbing, swordsmanship, and horsemanship because if squire prove his fitness he became a knight at 21 years of age the ceremony was solemn and memorable.
During these times, the sons of the lord or nobleman had two choices - to train for the church and become a member of the clergy or to enter chivalry and become a knight. The latter was a kind of education that was physical, social, and military in nature. A boy who was going to train to become a knight had a long physical training. At age of seven, a boy worked as a page to some noblemen. He learned court etiquette, waited on tables, ran errands, helped in household tasks. However, during the rest of the time he participated in various forms of physical activity which would strengthen and harden his body for rigorous tasks ahead.
Physical Education during the Renaissance Period
The Renaissance Period helped to interpret the Worth of Physical Education to public in general. The belief became prevalent that physical education is necessary for health, as a preparation for warfare, as a means of developing the body. However, the important contribution that physical education can make to the aesthetics social and moral life of society.
Also known as rebirth or revival of the learning helped interpret the worth of physical education to the public. This came after the dark ages which lasted until the beginning of the modern times. In this time, people were given the chance to learn and renew their spirit of nationalism.
In physical education, the theory that body and soul are inseparable and indivisible became so much popular. It was the belief that good physical health promoted
learning, and that rest and recreation were needed by the body after study and work.
The significance of physical education was clearly shown to the people during this time. It is the belief that it was necessary for health, as a means of developing the body, as a preparation for warfare, and a means of providing recreation for the wealthier classes of people. But it fails to recognize the importance of physical education to the aesthetic value, social, mental, and moral life.
